History
The Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 (the act) enacted
significant changes in the Internal Revenue Service award program
for whistleblowers. The IRS shall pay awards for information that
substantially contributes to the collection of taxes, penalties and
interest.
The IRS has long held the authority to pay awards to
whistleblowers. In fact, the origins of the whistleblower
legislation relates back to the Civil War and the False Claims Act.
The big difference was the old law, as now seen in 26 USC 7632(a),
allowed the secretary of the Treasury to pay such amount as he
deemed necessary "for detecting and bringing to trial and
punishment person guilty of violating the internal revenue law or
conniving at the same." This meant whistleblowers were paid at the
discretion of the secretary of the Treasury.
The implementation of 26 USC 7632(b) made a fundamental change to
the IRS informant awards program. The key change in the law was the
addition of this section under which awards are no longer
discretionary! The new law says that whistleblowers "shall receive
15 percent to 30 percent of the collected proceeds." In addition,
the amendment gave the whistleblower certain rights of appeal. That
appeal is limited to the U.S. Tax Court. Finally, the legislation
required the IRS to establish a Whistleblower Office reporting to
the commissioner of the IRS to implement the law.
The primary purpose of the act is to encourage people with
knowledge of significant tax non-compliance to provide that
information to the IRS. Many individuals who apply for this reward
often claim to have insider knowledge of the transactions upon
which they are reporting.
Technical requirements
A whistleblower must meet several conditions to qualify for the
award program. Generally speaking, the information must:
- Relate to a tax noncompliance matter in which the tax,
penalties, interest, additions to tax and additional amounts in
dispute must exceed $2 million; and
- Relate to a taxpayer whose gross income exceeds $200,000 for at
least one of the tax years in question.
If the information meets the above conditions and substantially
contributes to a decision to take administrative or judicial action
that results in the collection of tax, penalties and interest, then
the IRS will pay an award of at least 15 percent, but not more than
30 percent, of the collected proceeds resulting from administrative
or judicial actions, or from any settlement in response to an
administrative or judicial action.
Limitations
The maximum award can decrease to 10 percent for cases where it
is determined that the information was disclosed in certain public
information sources. Or, the reward may also be reduced if the IRS
determines that the whistleblower planned and initiated the actions
that led to the underpayment of tax.
Types of tax fraud
The types of fraud can vary greatly from each of the three types
of groups: the individual taxpayer; the corporate
taxpayers; and abusive or fraudulent tax professionals.
Below are some examples of each type of fraud:
Individual taxpayers:
- Claims false deductions or expenses;
- Keeps two sets of books of accounting records;
- Intentionally declares the false income or knowingly changes
the income;
- Makes overstatement of the deduction amount;
- Conducts the business deals by using false names;
- Declares false amounts income and expenditure in the books of
accounting records;
- Transfers or conceals his/her assets or income;
- Hides income in offshore accounts;
- Records personal expenditure as business expenditures; or
- Intentionally does not file the tax returns.
Corporate taxpayers:
- Keeps two sets of books to track income and expenses for the
purpose of hiding income;
- Fails to keep required business records;
- Destroys evidence, such as records and receipts;
- Lies during an IRS audit;
- Uses fake Social Security number and/or tax identification
numbers;
- Hides income in offshore accounts;
- Pyramiding - collects taxes from employees and fails to pay
them
- to the IRS;
- Unreliable third party payers - using a shady payroll service,
which may fail to pay collected taxes to the IRS;
- Offshore employee leasing - attempts to redirect employee
status and wages to avoid employment tax;
- Misclassifying worker status - giving employees the title of
independent contractor in order to avoid paying the related
taxes;
- Paying employees in cash - attempting to evade taxes by paying
employees in cash without reporting the wages to the IRS;
- Filing false returns or failing to file required returns -
intentionally misreporting income or failing to report wages;
or
- Misreporting officer compensation - misreporting officer
compensation as S corporation corporate distributions or other such
fraudulent reporting.
Abusive tax professionals are those who:
- Claim they can obtain larger refunds than other preparers;
- Base their fee on a percentage of the amount of the
refund;
- Advocate the use of abusive "offshore accounts" as a means for
not having to report income; or
- Advocate the use of abusive "tax shelters" to avoid taxes and
create what will be represented as "legitimate losses to offset
against taxable income."
What to do if I have tax fraud to report
If you know of or suspect significant tax fraud, your best
option is to find the services of a competent attorney. The tax
attorney will be of great assistance in helping you understand the
issues and procedure for filing a claim for a Whistleblower's
Informant Award. The claim must be filed with the IRS and there are
many technical requirements that need to be met in order to qualify
as a whistleblower who is entitled to the informant's award. And
ultimately, if there is a dispute over the award amount, it will be
heard in the U.S. Tax Court!
The attorney will:
- Assist you in understanding the tax issues in your case;
- Determine if the issues are, in fact, fraudulent actions that
would lead to the collection of taxes, penalties and interest;
- Assist in the determination of whether the case has the
possibility to qualify under the rules requiring a $2
million-minimum for recovery and the taxpayer having earned at
least $200,000 in one of the years at issue;
- Assist in the filing of the required forms and documentary
evidence to substantiate the whistleblower's claim with the
IRS;
- Frame the tax issues in a manner that the IRS will understand
the legal and tax issues related to the noncompliant taxpayer;
- Communicate and cooperate with the IRS in pursuit of the
collection action and work with the IRS until a determination is
made; and
- Represent the whistleblower in U.S. Tax Court in the event an
appeal of determination is required.
Tax treatments of informant awards
IRS awards can lead the whistleblower to very significant
returns. At the minimum requirement of $2 million, recovery at 15
percent to 30 percent could result in an informant award from
$300,000 to $600,000. The range of an award under IRC Section
7623(b) for a recovery of $10 million would be from $1.5 million to
$3 million.
All awards issued by the IRS will be subject to current federal
tax reporting and withholding requirements and the whistleblower
will receive a Form 1099 or other form as prescribed by law.